What is the projection method called that uses a cone to conformally represent the surface of the Earth?

The method of projection that uses a cone to conformally represent the surface of the Earth is known as a conic projection. This type of projection is particularly useful for mapping regions with a greater east-west than north-south extent, such as countries or continents that stretch more horizontally. The conic projection preserves angles, making it beneficial for navigation and land surveying as it maintains the shape of small areas accurately, which is crucial for applications that require precise measurements.

Cylindrical projections, in contrast, involve wrapping a cylinder around the Earth, which may distort shapes and areas, especially as one moves away from the equator. Azimuthal projections typically display the Earth from a single point, useful for mapping polar regions but not conformally representing areas as a conic does. Orthographic projections create a three-dimensional appearance, often resembling a globe, which is excellent for visualization but not for detailed measurement or conformal accuracy.

Thus, the conic projection is the appropriate choice for scenarios requiring the preservation of angles and shapes over specific regions on the Earth.